Morphine

Morphine is the principal constituent of opium and ranges
in concentration from 4 to 21 percent. Commercial opium
is standardized to contain 10-percent morphine. In the
United States, a small percentage of the morphine
obtained from opium is used directly (about 20 tons); the
remaining is converted to codeine and other derivatives
(about 110 tons).

Morphine is one of the most effective drugs known for
against which new analgesics are measured.

Like most narcotics, the use of morphine has increased
significantly in recent years. Since 1998, there has been
about a two-fold increase in the use of morphine
products in the United States.


Morphine is marketed under generic and brand name
products including MS-Contin®, Oramorph SR®, MSIR®,
Roxanol®, Kadian®, and RMS®.

Morphine is used parenterally (by injection) for
preoperative sedation, as a supplement to anesthesia,
and for analgesia. It is the drug of choice for relieving the
pain of myocardial infarction and for its cardiovascular
effects in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema.

Traditionally, morphine was almost exclusively used by
injection. Today, morphine is marketed in a variety of
forms, including oral solutions, immediate and
sustained-release tablets and capsules, suppositories,
and injectable preparations.

In addition, the availability of high-concentration
morphine preparations (i.e., 20-mg/ml oral solutions,
25-mg/ml injectable solutions, and 200-mg
sustained-release tablets) partially reflects the use of
this substance for chronic pain management in
opiate-tolerant patients.
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